Metaphor is defined as a device of speech in which comparison is drawn between two unlike entities. When drawn into a coherent story, metaphor can be used to deliver implicit messages in accessible ways, and throughout history metaphors have been used to impart cultural wisdom, life lessons, political messages, and moral values. In understanding the structure and function of metaphor the work of Lakoff and Johnson (1980a, 1980b, 1980c) is influential. They argue that concepts are tied to metaphors and that they mold our thinking. Complex abstract concepts such as ‘life’ can be tied to more concrete representations in a metaphor like ‘life is a journey’—Lakoff and Johnson propose that we understand complex concepts through the use of metaphor.
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Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980a). Conceptual metaphor in everyday language. The Journal of Philosophy, 77(8), 453–486.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980b). The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system. Cognitive Science, 4(2), 195–208.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980c). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Stott, R., Mansell, W., Salkovskis, P., Lavender, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2010). Oxford guide to metaphors in CBT: Building cognitive bridges. New York: Oxford University Press.